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Murphy’s sign – clinical examination

Overview of gallstone disease in adults ●Clinical presentation •Asymptomatic The majority of patients with gallstones are asymptomatic and will remain so throughout their lives. Of those with incidental (asymptomatic) gallstones, approximately 15 to 25 percent will become symptomatic after 10 to 15 years of follow-up.    •Biliary colic Patients with symptomatic uncomplicated gallstone disease typically […]
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Peptic ulcer disease – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
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Peptic ulcer disease – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

Prevention of recurrence •The need for aspirin and NSAIDs should be carefully assessed in patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease. NSAIDs, including aspirin, increase the risk of bleeding in patients with prior peptic ulcer disease. In patients treated for H. pylori, eradication of infection should be confirmed four or more weeks after the completion of therapy. •Maintenance […]
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Cholangitis
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Cholangitis

Clinical manifestation and diagnosis   ●Clinical presentation The classic presentation of acute cholangitis is fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice (Charcot’s triad), although only 50 to 75 percent of patients with acute cholangitis have all three findings. The most common symptoms of acute cholangitis are fever and abdominal pain. Confusion and hypotension can occur in patients […]
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Assessment of the Spleen

Assessment of the Spleen The normal adult spleen lies immediately under the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It ranges in length from 6 to 13 cm and in weight from 75 to 120 g. The spleen is not normally palpable except in slender young adults. When the spleen can be felt […]
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Pancreatitis – Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Nursing Lecture Symptoms, Treatment, Pathophysiology
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Pancreatitis – Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Nursing Lecture Symptoms, Treatment, Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis ●Although a number of conditions can precipitate acute pancreatitis, only a small fraction of patients with these predisposing conditions develops acute pancreatitis. For example, the incidence of acute pancreatitis is only 3 to 7 percent in patients with gallstones and 10 percent in alcoholics.  ●It is unclear why alcohol-induced pancreatitis occurs […]
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