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Gallbladder – Definition, Function Location – Human Anatomy
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Gallbladder – Definition, Function Location – Human Anatomy

nonsurgical management of gallbladder stones ●The majority of patients with asymptomatic (incidental) gallstones do not require treatment. Patients with symptomatic gallstone disease or those at high risk for developing symptomatic gallstone disease, but are unable or unwilling to undergo cholecystectomy, may be candidates for nonsurgical management. ●Gallstones are composed of a mixture of cholesterol, calcium […]
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Cholecystectomy – Gallbladder Removal Surgery
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Cholecystectomy – Gallbladder Removal Surgery

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy   ●Indications Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the “gold standard” for the surgical treatment of gallstone disease. It has the same indications as for open cholecystectomy. The optimal timing of surgery will depend on the patient’s overall medical condition and underlying diagnosis. ●Preoperative evaluation •Liver function tests (LFTs) should be obtained preoperatively. Elevation in […]
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Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Biliary Cholangitis – Gina Choi, MD – UCLA Digestive Diseases
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Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Epidemiology Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is rare, with a reported prevalence of 19 to 402 cases per million persons. The vast majority of patients (90 to 95 percent) are female, and most patients are diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 65 years (often in their 40s or 50s), though the disease has been reported […]
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Chronic pancreatitis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
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Chronic pancreatitis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

Management   ●Chronic pancreatitis is an ongoing process of pathologic response to pancreatic injury. Abdominal pain is the most common clinical symptom. As chronic pancreatitis progresses, patients may develop exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (steatorrhea, maldigestion) and diabetes. Complications of chronic pancreatitis include pancreatic pseudocyst, bile duct or duodenal obstruction, visceral artery pseudoaneurysm, pancreatic ascites and pancreatic […]
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Cholangitis
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Cholangitis

Clinical manifestation and diagnosis   ●Clinical presentation The classic presentation of acute cholangitis is fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice (Charcot’s triad), although only 50 to 75 percent of patients with acute cholangitis have all three findings. The most common symptoms of acute cholangitis are fever and abdominal pain. Confusion and hypotension can occur in patients […]
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Biliary colic (gallbladder attack) – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
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Biliary colic (gallbladder attack) – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

Approach to the management of gallstones Most individuals with gallstones are asymptomatic throughout their life and gallstones are found incidentally. The approach to the management of patients with gallstones depends upon the patient’s symptoms, imaging test findings, and whether complications are present. Gallstone complications include acute cholecystitis, cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, gallstone ileus, and Mirizzi syndrome. […]
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Acute Pancreatitis
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Acute Pancreatitis

Management of acute pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas. Acute pancreatitis can be divided into two broad categories: edematous, interstitial acute pancreatitis and necrotizing acute pancreatitis. Mild acute pancreatitis is characterized by the absence of organ failure and local or systemic complications. Moderately severe acute pancreatitis is characterized by no […]
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Acute Pancreatitis – Causes, Signs Symptoms, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis
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Acute Pancreatitis – Causes, Signs Symptoms, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis

Clinical features The majority of patients with acute pancreatitis have acute onset of severe upper abdominal pain. Patients may have associated nausea and vomiting. On physical examination, patients have abdominal tenderness to palpation. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis may have fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypoxemia, and hypotension.  Laboratory findings Early in the course of acute pancreatitis, […]
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Acute pancreatitis
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Acute pancreatitis

Predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis Scoring systems During the initial 24 hours, severe acute pancreatitis (AP) can be predicted using clinical, laboratory, and radiologic risk factors, many of which have been incorporated into scoring systems such as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Examination (APACHE) II score, […]
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Gut Microbiome Explained in Simple Words

intestinal microbiota in health and disease ●The surface of the intestinal tract in healthy individuals is free of bacteria in all bowel segments. Adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells is thus a sign of infection. By contrast, the intestinal lumen is never sterile. ●The occurrence, composition, and organization of intestinal microbiota in each gut segment […]
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