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Peptic Ulcer Disease Nursing, Pathophysiology, Treatment – Gastric Ulcer vs Duodenal Ulcer
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Peptic Ulcer Disease Nursing, Pathophysiology, Treatment – Gastric Ulcer vs Duodenal Ulcer

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis   Clinical manifestations Peptic ulcers are commonly asymptomatic. Symptomatic peptic ulcers most commonly present with epigastric pain or food-provoked epigastric discomfort and fullness, early satiety, and nausea.    Complications Complications may be heralded by new ulcer symptoms or a change in symptoms, or may occur in the absence of typical symptoms. […]
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Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis v Primary Biliary Cholangitis (Primary Biliary Cirrhosis)
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Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis v Primary Biliary Cholangitis (Primary Biliary Cirrhosis)

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis PSC ●Clinical features Patients with PSC may be asymptomatic and diagnosed as part of the evaluation of abnormal laboratory tests, or they may have symptoms such as fatigue and pruritus. Physical examination may reveal jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and excoriations, though it is often normal. Liver biochemical tests usually demonstrate a cholestatic […]
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Peptic Ulcer Disease- Mechanisms and Treatment – Lecturio Medical
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Peptic Ulcer Disease- Mechanisms and Treatment – Lecturio Medical

etiology and pathogenesis   ●Estimates of the annual incidence of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) range from 0.1 to 0.3 percent. PUD incidence in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected individuals is approximately 1 percent per year, a rate that is 6- to 10-fold higher than for uninfected subjects. The incidence of PUD increases with age for both duodenal and […]
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Pancreatitis – Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Nursing Lecture Symptoms, Treatment, Pathophysiology
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Pancreatitis – Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Nursing Lecture Symptoms, Treatment, Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis ●Although a number of conditions can precipitate acute pancreatitis, only a small fraction of patients with these predisposing conditions develops acute pancreatitis. For example, the incidence of acute pancreatitis is only 3 to 7 percent in patients with gallstones and 10 percent in alcoholics.  ●It is unclear why alcohol-induced pancreatitis occurs […]
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Peptic ulcer disease – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
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Peptic ulcer disease – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

Prevention of recurrence •The need for aspirin and NSAIDs should be carefully assessed in patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease. NSAIDs, including aspirin, increase the risk of bleeding in patients with prior peptic ulcer disease. In patients treated for H. pylori, eradication of infection should be confirmed four or more weeks after the completion of therapy. •Maintenance […]
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How a peptic ulcer develops
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How a peptic ulcer develops

Treatment ●Treatment of the underlying etiology •Patients with peptic ulcer disease should be tested for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Patients with H. pylori should be treated with a goal of eradication of H. pylori infection. In patients treated for H. pylori, eradication of infection should be confirmed four or more weeks after the completion of eradication therapy. •Patients with peptic ulcers should be […]
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Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
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Gastritis and Clinical manifestations and diagnosis (PUD)

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis Clinical manifestations Peptic ulcers are commonly asymptomatic. Symptomatic peptic ulcers most commonly present with epigastric pain or food-provoked epigastric discomfort and fullness, early satiety, and nausea. (See ‘Clinical manifestations’ above.) Complications Complications may be heralded by new ulcer symptoms or a change in symptoms, or may occur in the absence of typical symptoms. […]
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Gallstones and Surgical Removal of Gallbladder (Cholecystectomy) Animation
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Gallstones and Surgical Removal of Gallbladder (Cholecystectomy) Animation

Most individuals with gallstones are asymptomatic throughout their life and gallstones are found incidentally. The approach to the management of patients with gallstones depends upon the patient’s symptoms, imaging test findings, and whether complications are present. Gallstone complications include acute cholecystitis, cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, gallstone ileus, and Mirizzi syndrome. In general, patients with sludge or […]
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Gallstones – Gallbladder Attack Symptoms Treatment
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Gallstones – Gallbladder Attack Symptoms Treatment

Clinical presentation •Asymptomatic The majority of patients with gallstones are asymptomatic and will remain so throughout their lives. Of those with incidental (asymptomatic) gallstones, approximately 15 to 25 percent will become symptomatic after 10 to 15 years of follow-up.  •Biliary colic Patients with symptomatic uncomplicated gallstone disease typically present with biliary colic, a normal physical […]
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Gallstone Disease – Acute Cholecystitis vs Cholelithiasis vs Choledocholithiasis vs Cholangitis
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Gallstone Disease – Acute Cholecystitis vs Cholelithiasis vs Choledocholithiasis vs Cholangitis

risk of choledocholithiasis Patients suspected of having choledocholithiasis are diagnosed with a combination of laboratory tests and imaging studies. The first imaging study obtained is typically a transabdominal ultrasound. The results of laboratory testing and transabdominal ultrasound are then used to stratify a patient as high risk, intermediate risk, or low risk for having choledocholithiasis. […]
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