Gastro intestinal74 Videos

Assessment of the Spleen

Assessment of the Spleen The normal adult spleen lies immediately under the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It ranges in length from 6 to 13 cm and in weight from 75 to 120 g. The spleen is not normally palpable except in slender young adults. When the spleen can be felt […]

Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Epidemiology Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is rare, with a reported prevalence of 19 to 402 cases per million persons. The vast majority of patients (90 to 95 percent) are female, and most patients are diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 65 years (often in their 40s or 50s), though the disease has been reported […]

Biliary colic (gallbladder attack) – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

Approach to the management of gallstones Most individuals with gallstones are asymptomatic throughout their life and gallstones are found incidentally. The approach to the management of patients with gallstones depends upon the patient’s symptoms, imaging test findings, and whether complications are present. Gallstone complications include acute cholecystitis, cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, gallstone ileus, and Mirizzi syndrome. […]

Cholangitis

Clinical manifestation and diagnosis   ●Clinical presentation The classic presentation of acute cholangitis is fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice (Charcot’s triad), although only 50 to 75 percent of patients with acute cholangitis have all three findings. The most common symptoms of acute cholangitis are fever and abdominal pain. Confusion and hypotension can occur in patients […]

Cholecystectomy – Gallbladder Removal Surgery

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy   ●Indications Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the “gold standard” for the surgical treatment of gallstone disease. It has the same indications as for open cholecystectomy. The optimal timing of surgery will depend on the patient’s overall medical condition and underlying diagnosis. ●Preoperative evaluation •Liver function tests (LFTs) should be obtained preoperatively. Elevation in […]

Chronic pancreatitis – causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

Management   ●Chronic pancreatitis is an ongoing process of pathologic response to pancreatic injury. Abdominal pain is the most common clinical symptom. As chronic pancreatitis progresses, patients may develop exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (steatorrhea, maldigestion) and diabetes. Complications of chronic pancreatitis include pancreatic pseudocyst, bile duct or duodenal obstruction, visceral artery pseudoaneurysm, pancreatic ascites and pancreatic […]