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Non-surgical Approach to Kidney Stones
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Non-surgical Approach to Kidney Stones

Surgical management of kidney and ureteral stones The overall goals of surgical stone management are relief of patient discomfort, clearance of infection, and reversal of kidney function impairment associated with kidney or ureteral stones. Important outcomes that should be discussed with patients when deciding upon surgery include treatment success (ie, stone-free rate [SFR]), risk of […]
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Kidney Stones Symptoms and Treatments
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Kidney Stones Symptoms and Treatments

acute management Most patients with acute renal colic can be managed conservatively with pain medication and hydration until the stone passes. Patients can be managed at home if they are able to take oral medications and fluids. Hospitalization is required for those who cannot tolerate oral intake or who have uncontrollable pain or fever. •Urologic consultation […]
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Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)
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Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)

Uric acid nephrolithiasis ●Epidemiology Uric acid stones account for 5 to 10 percent of all kidney stones in the United States and Europe; however, they comprise 40 percent or more of stones in areas with hot, arid climates. ●Pathogenesis The most important biochemical risk factor for uric acid nephrolithiasis is a persistently low urine pH. […]
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How to Treat Kidney Stones
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How to Treat Kidney Stones

Eighty percent of patients with kidney stone disease (nephrolithiasis) form calcium stones. The other main types include uric acid, struvite and cystine stones. Individual stones may contain more than one type. ●Clinical manifestations Although stones may pass asymptomatically, symptoms may occur when stones pass. The most common symptoms and signs are pain (renal colic or […]
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Gallbladder – Definition, Function Location – Human Anatomy
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Gallbladder – Definition, Function Location – Human Anatomy

nonsurgical management of gallbladder stones ●The majority of patients with asymptomatic (incidental) gallstones do not require treatment. Patients with symptomatic gallstone disease or those at high risk for developing symptomatic gallstone disease, but are unable or unwilling to undergo cholecystectomy, may be candidates for nonsurgical management. ●Gallstones are composed of a mixture of cholesterol, calcium […]
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Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
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Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

Conjunctivitis   INTRODUCTION Conjunctivitis is a common diagnosis in patients who complain of a red eye. It is usually a benign or self-limited condition, or one that is easily treated. Other causes of red eye are discussed elsewhere. This topic will review the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of conjunctivitis. Other conditions which may be […]
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Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Biliary Cholangitis – Gina Choi, MD – UCLA Digestive Diseases
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Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Epidemiology Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is rare, with a reported prevalence of 19 to 402 cases per million persons. The vast majority of patients (90 to 95 percent) are female, and most patients are diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 65 years (often in their 40s or 50s), though the disease has been reported […]
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Acute Pancreatitis
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Acute Pancreatitis

Management of acute pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas. Acute pancreatitis can be divided into two broad categories: edematous, interstitial acute pancreatitis and necrotizing acute pancreatitis. Mild acute pancreatitis is characterized by the absence of organ failure and local or systemic complications. Moderately severe acute pancreatitis is characterized by no […]
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TOP 5 TIPS TO CONTROL PSORIASIS FLARES DERMATOLOGIST
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TOP 5 TIPS TO CONTROL PSORIASIS FLARES DERMATOLOGIST

Treatment of psoriasis in adults Overview  Numerous topical and systemic therapies are available for the treatment of psoriasis. Treatment modalities are chosen on the basis of disease severity, relevant comorbidities, patient preference (including cost and convenience), efficacy, and evaluation of individual patient response. Psychosocial aspects Psoriasis can have negative psychosocial effects. Clinicians should address the […]
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Understanding Psoriasis
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Understanding Psoriasis

Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis Overview Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that has also been identified as a multisystem inflammatory disorder associated with multiple comorbidities. Epidemiology Psoriasis affects males and females equally. Psoriasis can begin at any age; however, onset during adulthood is most frequent.  Pathophysiology Psoriasis is a complex immune-mediated disease. […]
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